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Ma Hualong () (died March 2, 1871), was the fifth leader (, ''jiaozhu'') of the Jahriyya, a Sufi order (''menhuan'') in northwestern China.〔Dillon (1999), pp. 124-126〕 From the beginning of the anti-Qing Muslim Rebellion in 1862, and until his surrender and death in 1871, he was one of the main leaders of the rebellion.〔 ==Biography== Ma Hualong became the leader of the Jahriyya ca. 1849,〔 succeeding the ''menhuans fourth ''shaykh'', Ma Yide (late 1770s - 1849〔Lipman (1998), p. 179〕). Although the Jahriyya had been originally created by Ma Mingxin in the central Gansu, by the time of Ma Hualong's succession to the leadership position the order was centered in the northern Ningxia (which in the 19th century was also part of Gansu Province), its headquarters being located in Jinjipu (),〔Some authors, e.g. Michael Dillon and Kim Hodong, transcribe the town's as ''Jinjibao'' (since , meaning "fort", has pronunciation ''bao''). However, Lipman's ''Jinjipu'' is probably more correct, because dictionaries also say that , when used as a suffix in place names, is pronounced ''pu''.〕 a few kilometers south from today's Wuzhong City.〔 〔Lipman (1998), p. 125〕 The town of Jinjipu became an important religious and commercial center, and the ''menhuans leaders grew wealthy thanks to the order's profitable participation in the caravan trade across Inner Mongolia, between Baotou, Huhhot and Beijing.〔 Since the beginning of the Muslim Rebellion in 1862, Ma Hualong was based at the Jahriyya headquarters in Jinjipu.〔Lipman (1998), p. 125〕 The area of his direct influence included the Jahriyya-heavy eastern parts of the 19th-century Gansu Province,〔Until the early 20th century, Gansu Province also included today's Ningxia and Qinghai〕 i.e. today's Ningxia and easternmost sections of today's Gansu.〔Dillon (1999), pp. 66-68〕 While the rebels elsewhere within the 19th-century borders of Gansu had their own leaders - notably, Ma Zhan'ao in Hezhou (now Linxia), Ma Guiyuan in Xining, and Ma Wenlu in Suzhou (Jiuquan), -who, in the view of modern historians, were acting essentially independent from each other, there were Jahriyya members (all owing allegiance to the Ma Hualong) participating in the rebellion throughout the region.〔Lipman (1998), p. 121〕 At some points during the rebellion Ma Hualong negotiated with the authorities, and at least once he even surrendered, taking a new name, "Ma Chaoqing" ("one who attends on the Qing"). However, instead of disbanding his militias, he continued fortifying Jinjipu, and collaborating with the rebels who had retreated to Gansu from Shaanxi.〔 Ma was besieged in Jinjipu in July 1869 by the Qing forces led by General Zuo Zongtang.〔Dillon, p. 66. The book does not actually state the year, but it appears to be 1869 from the context.〕 After fortifications outside of the town itself had been captured by the government troops, and starvation started inside the walls, Ma Hualong surrendered in January 1871, hoping to spare the lives of his people. However, once Zuo's troops entered Jinjipu, a massacre followed, with over a thousand people losing their lives. and the town being destroyed.〔 Existing accounts on Ma Hualong's death differ. It is likely that he was executed on Zuo's orders on March 2, 1871, along with his son Ma Yaobang and over eighty rebel officials 〔 (supposedly, Zuo sentenced them to death by slicing), although it was said by some that he had been murdered by a traitor from within his own ranks.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ma Hualong」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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